Differences in African American and White mortality caused by cigarette smoking in the U.S
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1
Biostatistics, Inc., United States of America
2
Georgia State University, School of Public Health, United States of America
Publication date: 2018-03-01
Tob. Induc. Dis. 2018;16(Suppl 1):A819
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ABSTRACT
Background:
The objective of this study is to compare African
American and White excess mortality caused by smoking cigarettes.
Methods:
Estimates of relative risks and smoking attributable
fractions were made using U.S. nationally representative data. We constructed a longitudinal cohort by
linking respondents to the U.S. National Health Interview Surveys with death
records. Smoking history was obtained on
respondents to 11 annual waves from 1999-2009.
Data from 200,000 respondents were linked to the National Death Index with
follow-up through December 31, 2011.
Relative risks comparing current and former smokers to
lifetime nonsmokers were estimated. Estimates were adjusted for possible
confounders including income, health insurance, access to health care, physical
activity, obesity, hypertension, alcohol use, and birth country (U.S. or
other). Attributable fractions showing
the proportion of deaths caused by smoking were estimated.
Results:
Among African American men, 82% of lung cancer, 78% of
COPD, 26% of ischemic heart disease, 28% of other heart disease, and 18% of
cerebrovascular disease deaths were caused by smoking. Patterns among African American women were
similar but the attributable fractions were lower. The African American male attributable
fraction for total cancer deaths was 22% higher than for white men. The attributable fraction for ischemic heart
disease was 30% higher for African American men. The attributable fraction for all
smoking-related causes was 6% higher for African American than White men. Attributable fractions for African American
women were higher than those observed for White women for chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, ischemic heart disease, other heart disease, cerebrovascular
disease, and all cancers.
Conclusions:
Large mortality disparities exist for African
Americans compared with Whites. The disparities
cannot be explained by smoking rates alone.
Other factors that may contribute include greater smoke intake per cigarette,
obesity, hypertension, diabetes, exposure to environmental toxins, and a higher
rate of menthol cigarette use.