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RESEARCH PAPER
Effect of smoking on coronavirus disease susceptibility:
A case-control study
1
Family and Community
Medicine Department,
College of Medicine, Imam
Abdulrahman Bin Faisal
University, Dammam, Saudi
Arabia
2
Emergency Medicine Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
3
Dental Department, Ministry of Health, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
4
General Dentist, Private Dental Practice, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
5
General Practitioner, Ministry of Health, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Health Information Management and Technology, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2022-07-03
Final revision date: 2022-11-15
Acceptance date: 2022-11-23
Publication date: 2023-01-25
Corresponding author
Abdulelah Almansour
Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Almanar 2850, Dammam, Eastern province, Postal Code 32275, Saudi Arabia
Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Almanar 2850, Dammam, Eastern province, Postal Code 32275, Saudi Arabia
Tob. Induc. Dis. 2023;21(January):11
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
Tobacco use has changed since the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The effect of smoking on COVID-19 susceptibility has not yet been determined. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between smoking and COVID-19 susceptibility.
Methods:
This retrospective case-control study was conducted at the quarantine center of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, between April and June 2020. A total of 142 adults participated in the study, 73 of whom tested positive for COVID-19 and were matched for both sex and age with participants in the control group. Telephone interviews were conducted to assess the risk factors associated with that exposure.
Results:
Different variables are investigated for their impact on COVID-19 infection susceptibility. The current study’s findings indicated that smokers comprised only 27.5% (n=39) of the participants. There was no association between the COVID-19 swab results and smoking status (χ2=1.857; p=0.395). Furthermore, there was no significant association between any of the smoking parameters and susceptibility to COVID-19, except for the smoking period (t= -2.105, p=0.041). The odds of having a positive swab result among cigarette smokers were lower than those among pipe, waterpipe, and electronic cigarette smokers (OR=0.600; p=0.394). An association was also observed between COVID-19-positive swab results and contact with an individual with COVID-19 or respiratory disease (χ2=79.270 and χ2=18.929, respectively, p≤0.001).
Conclusions:
This study revealed no association between smoking status and COVID-19 swab test results. Further research with a bigger sample size is suggested to confirm the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 susceptibility.
Tobacco use has changed since the onset of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The effect of smoking on COVID-19 susceptibility has not yet been determined. In this study, we aimed to assess the association between smoking and COVID-19 susceptibility.
Methods:
This retrospective case-control study was conducted at the quarantine center of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, between April and June 2020. A total of 142 adults participated in the study, 73 of whom tested positive for COVID-19 and were matched for both sex and age with participants in the control group. Telephone interviews were conducted to assess the risk factors associated with that exposure.
Results:
Different variables are investigated for their impact on COVID-19 infection susceptibility. The current study’s findings indicated that smokers comprised only 27.5% (n=39) of the participants. There was no association between the COVID-19 swab results and smoking status (χ2=1.857; p=0.395). Furthermore, there was no significant association between any of the smoking parameters and susceptibility to COVID-19, except for the smoking period (t= -2.105, p=0.041). The odds of having a positive swab result among cigarette smokers were lower than those among pipe, waterpipe, and electronic cigarette smokers (OR=0.600; p=0.394). An association was also observed between COVID-19-positive swab results and contact with an individual with COVID-19 or respiratory disease (χ2=79.270 and χ2=18.929, respectively, p≤0.001).
Conclusions:
This study revealed no association between smoking status and COVID-19 swab test results. Further research with a bigger sample size is suggested to confirm the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 susceptibility.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to express our profound gratitude to Malak Al Shammari,
Chairman of the Family and Community Medicine Department, College
of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, for her assistance
and support.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for
Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none was reported.
FUNDING
There was no source of funding for this research.
ETHICAL APPROVAL AND INFORMED CONSENT
The IAU's Institutional Review Board gave approval for this study
(Approval number: IRB-UGS- 2021-01-154; Date: 6 March 2021). Participants
provided written informed consent. Verbal consent was obtained from
all participants before the telephone interviews.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data supporting this research are available from the authors on
reasonable request.
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors contributed to data analysis, and in drafting and revising
the article. They gave final approval of the version to be published and
agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
PROVENANCE AND PEER REVIEW
Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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