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RESEARCH PAPER
Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation
1
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Sigmaringen, Sigmaringen, Germany
2
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
3
Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
4
Bruker Biospin GmbH, Silberstreifen, Rheinstetten, Germany
Submission date: 2014-05-23
Acceptance date: 2014-11-13
Publication date: 2014-12-09
Corresponding author
Dirk W Lachenmeier
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
Tobacco Induced Diseases 2014;12(December):23
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Background:
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are advertised to tobacco users as a tool to decrease cigarette consumption and to reduce toxic exposure associated with conventional tobacco smoking. Little is known about the compounds contained in such products, their exposure and long-term health effects.
Methods:
NMR spectroscopy was used to ascertain the content of several constituents of e-cigarette liquids including nicotine, solvents and some bioactive flavour compounds. Risk assessment was based on probabilistic exposure estimation and comparison with toxicological thresholds using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach.
Results:
In 54 samples of e-cigarette liquids, the average nicotine content was 11 mg/ml. Only 18 from 23 samples were confirmed as nicotine-free samples and in one e-cigarette liquid nicotine was not detected while being declared on the labelling. Major compounds of e-cigarette liquids include glycerol (average 37 g/100 g), propylene glycol (average 57 g/100 g) and ethylene glycol (average 10 g/100 g). Furthermore, 1,3-propanediol, thujone and ethyl vanillin were detected in some samples. The average exposure for daily users was estimated as 0.38 mg/kg bw/day for nicotine, 8.9 mg/kg bw/day for glycerol, 14.5 mg/kg bw/day for 1,2-propanediol, 2.1 mg/kg bw/day for ethylene glycol, and below 0.2 mg/kg bw/day for the other compounds. The MOE was below 0.1 for nicotine, but all other compounds did not reach MOE values below 100 except ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol.
Conclusions:
NMR spectroscopy is a useful and rapid method to simultaneously detect several ingredients in e-cigarette liquids. From all compounds tested, only nicotine may reach exposures that fall into a high risk category with MOE <1. Therefore, e-cigarette liquid products should be subjected to regulatory control to ensure consistent nicotine delivery. Solvents with more favourable toxicological profiles should be used instead of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol, which may fall into a risk category with MOE < 100.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are advertised to tobacco users as a tool to decrease cigarette consumption and to reduce toxic exposure associated with conventional tobacco smoking. Little is known about the compounds contained in such products, their exposure and long-term health effects.
Methods:
NMR spectroscopy was used to ascertain the content of several constituents of e-cigarette liquids including nicotine, solvents and some bioactive flavour compounds. Risk assessment was based on probabilistic exposure estimation and comparison with toxicological thresholds using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach.
Results:
In 54 samples of e-cigarette liquids, the average nicotine content was 11 mg/ml. Only 18 from 23 samples were confirmed as nicotine-free samples and in one e-cigarette liquid nicotine was not detected while being declared on the labelling. Major compounds of e-cigarette liquids include glycerol (average 37 g/100 g), propylene glycol (average 57 g/100 g) and ethylene glycol (average 10 g/100 g). Furthermore, 1,3-propanediol, thujone and ethyl vanillin were detected in some samples. The average exposure for daily users was estimated as 0.38 mg/kg bw/day for nicotine, 8.9 mg/kg bw/day for glycerol, 14.5 mg/kg bw/day for 1,2-propanediol, 2.1 mg/kg bw/day for ethylene glycol, and below 0.2 mg/kg bw/day for the other compounds. The MOE was below 0.1 for nicotine, but all other compounds did not reach MOE values below 100 except ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol.
Conclusions:
NMR spectroscopy is a useful and rapid method to simultaneously detect several ingredients in e-cigarette liquids. From all compounds tested, only nicotine may reach exposures that fall into a high risk category with MOE <1. Therefore, e-cigarette liquid products should be subjected to regulatory control to ensure consistent nicotine delivery. Solvents with more favourable toxicological profiles should be used instead of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propanediol, which may fall into a risk category with MOE < 100.
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F1000Research
Peter Anderson, Virginia Berridge, Patricia Conrod, Robert Dudley, Matilda Hellman, Dirk Lachenmeier, Anne Lingford-Hughes, David Miller, Jürgen Rehm, Robin Room, Laura Schmidt, Roger Sullivan, Tamyko Ysa, Antoni Gual
F1000Research
27.
Predictors of oxidative stress and vascular function in an
experimental study of tobacco versus electronic cigarettes:
A post hoc analysis of the SUR-VAPES 1 Study
Simona Mastrangeli, Roberto Carnevale, Elena Cavarretta, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Mariangela Peruzzi, Antonino Marullo, Elena De Falco, Isotta Chimenti, Valentina Valenti, Christopher Bullen, Leonardo Roever, Giacomo Frati, Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Simona Mastrangeli, Roberto Carnevale, Elena Cavarretta, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Mariangela Peruzzi, Antonino Marullo, Elena De Falco, Isotta Chimenti, Valentina Valenti, Christopher Bullen, Leonardo Roever, Giacomo Frati, Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai
Tobacco Induced Diseases
28.
Chronic E-Cigarette Exposure Alters the Human Bronchial Epithelial Proteome
Arunava Ghosh, Raymond C. Coakley, Teresa Mascenik, Temperance R. Rowell, Eric S. Davis, Keith Rogers, Megan J. Webster, Hong Dang, Laura E. Herring, M. Flori Sassano, Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico, Scott K. Van Buren, Lee M. Graves, Melissa A. Herman, Scott H. Randell, Neil E. Alexis, Robert Tarran
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Arunava Ghosh, Raymond C. Coakley, Teresa Mascenik, Temperance R. Rowell, Eric S. Davis, Keith Rogers, Megan J. Webster, Hong Dang, Laura E. Herring, M. Flori Sassano, Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico, Scott K. Van Buren, Lee M. Graves, Melissa A. Herman, Scott H. Randell, Neil E. Alexis, Robert Tarran
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
30.
Propylene glycol, a major electronic cigarette constituent, attenuates the adverse effects of high-dose nicotine as measured by intracranial self-stimulation in rats
Andrew C. Harris, Peter Muelken, Zach Haave, Yayi Swain, John R. Smethells, Mark G. LeSage
Drug and Alcohol Dependence
Andrew C. Harris, Peter Muelken, Zach Haave, Yayi Swain, John R. Smethells, Mark G. LeSage
Drug and Alcohol Dependence
31.
Electronic Cigarettes: Impact on Lung Function and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Among Healthy Adults
Sultan Ayoub Meo, Muhammad Abdullah Ansary, Fahad Rayan Barayan, Abdulaziz Sulaiman Almusallam, Abdulrahman Muteb Almehaid, Nawaf Saad Alarifi, Thamer Abdulnasir Alsohaibani, Inam Zia
American Journal of Men's Health
Sultan Ayoub Meo, Muhammad Abdullah Ansary, Fahad Rayan Barayan, Abdulaziz Sulaiman Almusallam, Abdulrahman Muteb Almehaid, Nawaf Saad Alarifi, Thamer Abdulnasir Alsohaibani, Inam Zia
American Journal of Men's Health
32.
Biomarkers of Exposure Specific to E-vapor Products Based on Stable-Isotope Labeled Ingredients
Anne Landmesser, Max Scherer, Nikola Pluym, Mohamadi Sarkar, Jeffery Edmiston, Reinhard Niessner, Gerhard Scherer
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Anne Landmesser, Max Scherer, Nikola Pluym, Mohamadi Sarkar, Jeffery Edmiston, Reinhard Niessner, Gerhard Scherer
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
33.
Boiling points of the propylene glycol + glycerol system at 1 atmosphere pressure: 188.6–292 °C without and with added water or nicotine
Anna K. Duell, James F. Pankow, Samantha M. Gillette, David H. Peyton
Chemical Engineering Communications
Anna K. Duell, James F. Pankow, Samantha M. Gillette, David H. Peyton
Chemical Engineering Communications
34.
Association of Electronic Cigarette Use With Smoking Habits, Demographic Factors, and Respiratory Symptoms
Linnea Hedman, Helena Backman, Caroline Stridsman, Jenny A. Bosson, Magnus Lundbäck, Anne Lindberg, Eva Rönmark, Linda Ekerljung
JAMA Network Open
Linnea Hedman, Helena Backman, Caroline Stridsman, Jenny A. Bosson, Magnus Lundbäck, Anne Lindberg, Eva Rönmark, Linda Ekerljung
JAMA Network Open
35.
Presence of the Carcinogen N′-Nitrosonornicotine in Saliva of E-cigarette Users
Gabriela Bustamante, Bin Ma, Galina Yakovlev, Katrina Yershova, Chap Le, Joni Jensen, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Irina Stepanov
Chemical Research in Toxicology
Gabriela Bustamante, Bin Ma, Galina Yakovlev, Katrina Yershova, Chap Le, Joni Jensen, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Irina Stepanov
Chemical Research in Toxicology
36.
Main and side stream effects of electronic cigarettes
E. Papaefstathiou, M. Stylianou, A. Agapiou
Journal of Environmental Management
E. Papaefstathiou, M. Stylianou, A. Agapiou
Journal of Environmental Management
37.
Chronic exposure to e-cig aerosols during early development causes vascular dysfunction and offspring growth deficits
Marcus Orzabal, Emilie Lunde-Young, Josue Ramirez, Selene Howe, Vishal Naik, Jehoon Lee, Cristine Heaps, David Threadgill, Jayanth Ramadoss
Translational Research
Marcus Orzabal, Emilie Lunde-Young, Josue Ramirez, Selene Howe, Vishal Naik, Jehoon Lee, Cristine Heaps, David Threadgill, Jayanth Ramadoss
Translational Research
38.
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems or E-cigarettes: American College of Preventive Medicine's Practice Statement
Catherine Livingston, Randall Freeman, Victoria Costales, John Westhoff, Lee Caplan, Kevin Sherin, David Niebuhr
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Catherine Livingston, Randall Freeman, Victoria Costales, John Westhoff, Lee Caplan, Kevin Sherin, David Niebuhr
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
39.
Acute Effects of Heat‐Not‐Burn, Electronic Vaping, and Traditional Tobacco Combustion Cigarettes: The Sapienza University of Rome‐Vascular Assessment of Proatherosclerotic Effects of Smoking (SUR‐VAPES) 2 Randomized Trial
Giuseppe Biondi‐Zoccai, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Christopher Bullen, Cristina Nocella, Francesco Violi, Lorenzo Loffredo, Pasquale Pignatelli, Ludovica Perri, Mariangela Peruzzi, Antonino Marullo, Falco De, Isotta Chimenti, Vittoria Cammisotto, Valentina Valenti, Flaminia Coluzzi, Elena Cavarretta, Albino Carrizzo, Francesco Prati, Roberto Carnevale, Giacomo Frati
Journal of the American Heart Association
Giuseppe Biondi‐Zoccai, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Christopher Bullen, Cristina Nocella, Francesco Violi, Lorenzo Loffredo, Pasquale Pignatelli, Ludovica Perri, Mariangela Peruzzi, Antonino Marullo, Falco De, Isotta Chimenti, Vittoria Cammisotto, Valentina Valenti, Flaminia Coluzzi, Elena Cavarretta, Albino Carrizzo, Francesco Prati, Roberto Carnevale, Giacomo Frati
Journal of the American Heart Association
40.
e‐Cigarettes for smoking cessation: Do they deliver?
Jan Kitzen, Jamie McConaha, Megan Bookser, Joseph Pergolizzi, Robert Taylor, Robert Raffa
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
Jan Kitzen, Jamie McConaha, Megan Bookser, Joseph Pergolizzi, Robert Taylor, Robert Raffa
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
41.
On the Safety of E-cigarettes: “I can Resist anything except Temptation”1
Robert Combes, Michael Balls
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
Robert Combes, Michael Balls
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals
42.
Bioanalytical and Mass Spectrometric Methods for Aldehyde Profiling in Biological Fluids
Romel Dator, Morwena Solivio, Peter Villalta, Silvia Balbo
Toxics
Romel Dator, Morwena Solivio, Peter Villalta, Silvia Balbo
Toxics
43.
Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity
Roxane Prieux, Marc Eeman, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Giuseppe Valacchi
Toxicology in Vitro
Roxane Prieux, Marc Eeman, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Giuseppe Valacchi
Toxicology in Vitro
44.
Concurrent Quantification of Emerging Chemicals of Health Concern in e-Cigarette Liquids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Binnian Wei, Maciej Goniewicz, Richard O’Connor
ACS Omega
Binnian Wei, Maciej Goniewicz, Richard O’Connor
ACS Omega
46.
Vaping, Smoking, and the Physical Fitness of Active Young Men
Eero Dinkeloo, Tyson Grier, Raina Brooks, Bruce Jones
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Eero Dinkeloo, Tyson Grier, Raina Brooks, Bruce Jones
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
47.
Recurrent spontaneous pneumothoraces and vaping in an 18-year-old man: a case report and review of the literature
Alex Bonilla, Alexander Blair, Suliman Alamro, Rebecca Ward, Michael Feldman, Richard Dutko, Theodora Karagounis, Adam Johnson, Erik Folch, Jatin Vyas
Journal of Medical Case Reports
Alex Bonilla, Alexander Blair, Suliman Alamro, Rebecca Ward, Michael Feldman, Richard Dutko, Theodora Karagounis, Adam Johnson, Erik Folch, Jatin Vyas
Journal of Medical Case Reports
48.
Discrepancies in reported versus measured nicotine content of e-cigarette refill liquids across nine European countries before and after the implementation of the EU Tobacco Products Directive
Charis Girvalaki, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Alexander Vardavas, Christina Kyriakos, Katerina Nikitara, Polychronis Stivaktakis, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Constantine Vardavas
European Respiratory Journal
Charis Girvalaki, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Alexander Vardavas, Christina Kyriakos, Katerina Nikitara, Polychronis Stivaktakis, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Constantine Vardavas
European Respiratory Journal
49.
Functional characterization of flavorings in electronic cigarette refill liquids by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Oluwabunmi Dada, Marie-Cecile Chalbot, Ilias Kavouras
Analytical Methods
Oluwabunmi Dada, Marie-Cecile Chalbot, Ilias Kavouras
Analytical Methods
50.
Case 38-2019: A 20-Year-Old Man with Dyspnea and Abnormalities on Chest Imaging
Richard Cabot, Eric Rosenberg, Virginia Pierce, David Dudzinski, Meridale Baggett, Dennis Sgroi, Jo-Anne Shepard, Kathy Tran, Emily McDonald, Tara Corpuz, Robert Hallowell, Michael Feldman, Brent Little, Leaf Karp, Lida Hariri
New England Journal of Medicine
Richard Cabot, Eric Rosenberg, Virginia Pierce, David Dudzinski, Meridale Baggett, Dennis Sgroi, Jo-Anne Shepard, Kathy Tran, Emily McDonald, Tara Corpuz, Robert Hallowell, Michael Feldman, Brent Little, Leaf Karp, Lida Hariri
New England Journal of Medicine
51.
Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Potential of Compounds Associated with Electronic Cigarettes: A Systematic Review
Isaac Armendáriz-Castillo, Santiago Guerrero, Antonella Vera-Guapi, Tiffany Cevallos-Vilatuña, Jennyfer García-Cárdenas, Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Andrés López-Cortés, Andy Pérez-Villa, Verónica Yumiceba, Ana Zambrano, Paola Leone, César Paz-y-Miño
BioMed Research International
Isaac Armendáriz-Castillo, Santiago Guerrero, Antonella Vera-Guapi, Tiffany Cevallos-Vilatuña, Jennyfer García-Cárdenas, Patricia Guevara-Ramírez, Andrés López-Cortés, Andy Pérez-Villa, Verónica Yumiceba, Ana Zambrano, Paola Leone, César Paz-y-Miño
BioMed Research International
52.
Review of Health Consequences of Electronic Cigarettes and the Outbreak of Electronic Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury
Dazhe Cao, Kim Aldy, Stephanie Hsu, Molly McGetrick, Guido Verbeck, Silva De, Sing-yi Feng
Journal of Medical Toxicology
Dazhe Cao, Kim Aldy, Stephanie Hsu, Molly McGetrick, Guido Verbeck, Silva De, Sing-yi Feng
Journal of Medical Toxicology
53.
The effect of smoking on stem cell mobilization in allogeneic donors
Tuğçe YİĞENOĞLU, Semih BAŞCI, Derya ŞAHİN, Mehmet BAKIRTAŞ, Ali KILINC, ULU UNCU, Hikmetullah BATGİ, Dicle İSKENDER, Nurgul OZCAN, ÇAKIR KIZIL, Sinan DAL, Tuba HACIBEKİROĞLU, Fevzi ALTUNTAŞ
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine
Tuğçe YİĞENOĞLU, Semih BAŞCI, Derya ŞAHİN, Mehmet BAKIRTAŞ, Ali KILINC, ULU UNCU, Hikmetullah BATGİ, Dicle İSKENDER, Nurgul OZCAN, ÇAKIR KIZIL, Sinan DAL, Tuba HACIBEKİROĞLU, Fevzi ALTUNTAŞ
Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine
54.
Inhalation Toxicology of Vaping Products and Implications for Pulmonary Health
Hussein Traboulsi, Mathew Cherian, Rjeili Abou, Matthew Preteroti, Jean Bourbeau, Benjamin Smith, David Eidelman, Carolyn Baglole
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Hussein Traboulsi, Mathew Cherian, Rjeili Abou, Matthew Preteroti, Jean Bourbeau, Benjamin Smith, David Eidelman, Carolyn Baglole
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
55.
Electronic Cigarette Use and Blood Pressure Endpoints: a Systematic Review
Irene Martinez-Morata, Tiffany Sanchez, Daichi Shimbo, Ana Navas-Acien
Current Hypertension Reports
Irene Martinez-Morata, Tiffany Sanchez, Daichi Shimbo, Ana Navas-Acien
Current Hypertension Reports
56.
Electronic cigarette exposure on insulin sensitivity of ApoE
gene knockout mice
Kai Lan+, Guangwei Zhang+, Lijuan Liu, Ziwei Guo, Xianyu Luo, Hua Guan, Qi Yu, Enqi Liu
Tobacco Induced Diseases
Kai Lan+, Guangwei Zhang+, Lijuan Liu, Ziwei Guo, Xianyu Luo, Hua Guan, Qi Yu, Enqi Liu
Tobacco Induced Diseases
57.
Electronic cigarette extract induced toxic effect in iPS-derived cardiomyocytes
Hesham Basma, Swetha Tatineni, Kajari Dhar, Fang Qiu, Stephen Rennard, Brian Lowes
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
Hesham Basma, Swetha Tatineni, Kajari Dhar, Fang Qiu, Stephen Rennard, Brian Lowes
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
58.
Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts
Michael Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Chengji Zhou
Birth Defects Research
Michael Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Chengji Zhou
Birth Defects Research
59.
Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke
Gregory Rodrigo, Guy Jaccard, Djoko Tafin, Alexandra Korneliou, Marco Esposito, Maxim Belushkin
Archives of Toxicology
Gregory Rodrigo, Guy Jaccard, Djoko Tafin, Alexandra Korneliou, Marco Esposito, Maxim Belushkin
Archives of Toxicology
60.
A review of constituents identified in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols
Emily Eshraghian, Wael Al-Delaimy
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation
Emily Eshraghian, Wael Al-Delaimy
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation
61.
Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid’s flavour category
Erna Krüsemann, Anne Havermans, Jeroen Pennings, Graaf de, Sanne Boesveldt, Reinskje Talhout
Tobacco Control
Erna Krüsemann, Anne Havermans, Jeroen Pennings, Graaf de, Sanne Boesveldt, Reinskje Talhout
Tobacco Control
62.
Critical research gaps in electronic cigarette devices and nicotine aerosols
Jamie Spahn, Salomon Stavchansky, Zhengrong Cui
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
Jamie Spahn, Salomon Stavchansky, Zhengrong Cui
International Journal of Pharmaceutics
63.
Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Cellular Membrane Potential Are Predictors of E-Liquid Induced Cellular Toxicity
Eva Correia-Álvarez, James Keating, Gary Glish, Robert Tarran, M Sassano
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Eva Correia-Álvarez, James Keating, Gary Glish, Robert Tarran, M Sassano
Nicotine & Tobacco Research
64.
Effect of E-Cigarette aerosol exposure on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma
Huda Taha, Nour Al-Sawalha, Karem Alzoubi, Omar Khabour
Inhalation Toxicology
Huda Taha, Nour Al-Sawalha, Karem Alzoubi, Omar Khabour
Inhalation Toxicology
65.
E-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals Induce Cytotoxicity in HepG2 Cells
Brittany Rickard, Henry Ho, Jacqueline Tiley, Ilona Jaspers, Kim Brouwer
ACS Omega
Brittany Rickard, Henry Ho, Jacqueline Tiley, Ilona Jaspers, Kim Brouwer
ACS Omega
66.
An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health
Patrice Marques, Laura Piqueras, Maria-Jesus Sanz
Respiratory Research
Patrice Marques, Laura Piqueras, Maria-Jesus Sanz
Respiratory Research
67.
Fundamentals of Craniofacial Malformations
Michael Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Shuwen Zhang, Bo Sun, Frates De, Chengji Zhou
Michael Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Shuwen Zhang, Bo Sun, Frates De, Chengji Zhou
68.
Toxicological assessment of electronic cigarette vaping: an emerging threat to force health, readiness and resilience in the U.S. Army
Marc Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael Quinn, Bell Millikan
Drug and Chemical Toxicology
Marc Williams, Gunda Reddy, Michael Quinn, Bell Millikan
Drug and Chemical Toxicology
69.
In vitro determinants of e-cig aerosol condensate bioavailability and toxicity: Influence of cell culture parameters and utility of a normalized dose metric in e-cigarette studies
Udochukwu Obodo, Timothy O’Connor
Udochukwu Obodo, Timothy O’Connor
70.
Electronic cigarettes: Genetic and epigenetic impact (Review)
Nicolás Niederbacher, Litzy Bermudez, Daniel González, Camila Bernal, Francisco García, Daniel León, Maria Pinzón, Carlos Camero, Ithzayana Madariaga, Paula Sánchez, Andrea Rodríguez, Salime Hurtado, Catherine Tovar, Santiago Rodríguez‑Ariza, Rafael Castro, Mariana Guerra, Alejandra Cañas, Adriana Rojas
International Journal of Epigenetics
Nicolás Niederbacher, Litzy Bermudez, Daniel González, Camila Bernal, Francisco García, Daniel León, Maria Pinzón, Carlos Camero, Ithzayana Madariaga, Paula Sánchez, Andrea Rodríguez, Salime Hurtado, Catherine Tovar, Santiago Rodríguez‑Ariza, Rafael Castro, Mariana Guerra, Alejandra Cañas, Adriana Rojas
International Journal of Epigenetics
71.
Non-Targeted Analysis Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Evaluation of Chemical Composition of E-Vapor Products
Niti Shah, Michael Noe, Kimberly Agnew-Heard, Yezdi Pithawalla, William Gardner, Saibal Chakraborty, Nicholas McCutcheon, Hannah Grisevich, Thomas Hurst, Michael Morton, Matt Melvin, IV Miller
Frontiers in Chemistry
Niti Shah, Michael Noe, Kimberly Agnew-Heard, Yezdi Pithawalla, William Gardner, Saibal Chakraborty, Nicholas McCutcheon, Hannah Grisevich, Thomas Hurst, Michael Morton, Matt Melvin, IV Miller
Frontiers in Chemistry
72.
Assessment of knowledge of use of electronic cigarette and its harmful effects among young adults
Vidushi Gupta, Madhu Sharma, Natarajan Srikant, Nidhi Manaktala
Open Medicine
Vidushi Gupta, Madhu Sharma, Natarajan Srikant, Nidhi Manaktala
Open Medicine
73.
E-Cigarette Toxicology
Terry Gordon, Emma Karey, Meghan Rebuli, Yael-Natalie Escobar, Ilona Jaspers, Lung Chen
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Terry Gordon, Emma Karey, Meghan Rebuli, Yael-Natalie Escobar, Ilona Jaspers, Lung Chen
Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
74.
Loose ENDs: Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and the FDA’s Recent Enforcement Policy
Saira Ahmad, Flori Sassano, Robert Tarran
EMJ Respiratory
Saira Ahmad, Flori Sassano, Robert Tarran
EMJ Respiratory
75.
E-cigarette vapour from base components propylene glycol and vegetable glycerine inhibits the inflammatory response in macrophages and epithelial cells
Rachael Bell, Danny McAuley, Murali Shyamsundar, Cecila O’Kane, Yvonne Dombrowski
Rachael Bell, Danny McAuley, Murali Shyamsundar, Cecila O’Kane, Yvonne Dombrowski
76.
E-cigarette Product Characteristics and Subsequent Frequency of Cigarette Smoking
Jessica Barrington-Trimis, Zhi Yang, Sara Schiff, Jennifer Unger, Tess Cruz, Robert Urman, Junhan Cho, Jonathan Samet, Adam Leventhal, Kiros Berhane, Rob McConnell
Pediatrics
Jessica Barrington-Trimis, Zhi Yang, Sara Schiff, Jennifer Unger, Tess Cruz, Robert Urman, Junhan Cho, Jonathan Samet, Adam Leventhal, Kiros Berhane, Rob McConnell
Pediatrics
77.
Impact of E-cig aerosol vaping on fetal and neonatal respiratory development and function
MARCUS ORZABAL, VISHAL NAIK, JEHOON LEE, ANDREW HILLHOUSE, WESLEY BRASHEAR, DAVID THREADGILL, JAYANTH RAMADOSS
Translational Research
MARCUS ORZABAL, VISHAL NAIK, JEHOON LEE, ANDREW HILLHOUSE, WESLEY BRASHEAR, DAVID THREADGILL, JAYANTH RAMADOSS
Translational Research
78.
Development of LC-HRMS untargeted analysis methods for nasal epithelial lining fluid exposomics
Yun-Chung Hsiao, Chih-Wei Liu, Carole Robinette, Noelle Knight, Kun Lu, Meghan Rebuli
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
Yun-Chung Hsiao, Chih-Wei Liu, Carole Robinette, Noelle Knight, Kun Lu, Meghan Rebuli
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
80.
Electronic cigarettes (vapes) are an old threat to health in a new guise
Marina Galitskaya, Andrey Fisenko, Svetlana Makarova
Russian Pediatric Journal
Marina Galitskaya, Andrey Fisenko, Svetlana Makarova
Russian Pediatric Journal
81.
How Electronic Cigarette Affects the Vascular System
Vito Damay, Setiawan Setiawan, Ronny Lesmana, Mohammad Akbar, Antonia Lukito, Renee Bittoun
Journal of Smoking Cessation
Vito Damay, Setiawan Setiawan, Ronny Lesmana, Mohammad Akbar, Antonia Lukito, Renee Bittoun
Journal of Smoking Cessation
82.
Formaldehyde in Electronic Cigarette Liquid (Aerosolized Liquid)
Jenna Ruggiero, Lindsey Voller, Javed Shaik, Sara Hylwa
Dermatitis
Jenna Ruggiero, Lindsey Voller, Javed Shaik, Sara Hylwa
Dermatitis
83.
E-cigarette smoking vape impact on optical properties of porcine gingival mucosa measured ex vivo in the range from 200 to 800 nm
Alexey Selifonov, Ekaterina Selifonova, Valery Tuchin, Elina Genina, Valery Tuchin
Optical Technologies for Biology and Medicine
Alexey Selifonov, Ekaterina Selifonova, Valery Tuchin, Elina Genina, Valery Tuchin
Optical Technologies for Biology and Medicine
84.
In Memoriam: Dr.-Ing. Walter Lachenmeier (1945–2022)—Reflections on a Life between Research Funding Administration, Electric Vehicle Development and Technology Transfer
Dirk Lachenmeier
World Electric Vehicle Journal
Dirk Lachenmeier
World Electric Vehicle Journal
85.
Evaluation of hazards of electronic -cigarette’s liquid refill on testes of mice, complemented by histopathological and chromatographic analysis
Raghda Elsherif, Nora Abdellah, Ola Hussein, Eman Shaltout
Ultrastructural Pathology
Raghda Elsherif, Nora Abdellah, Ola Hussein, Eman Shaltout
Ultrastructural Pathology
86.
Comparative study of lung toxicity of E-cigarette ingredients to investigate E-cigarette or vaping product associated lung injury
Sung-Hoon Yoon, Mi-Kyung Song, Dong Kim, Jeom-Kyu Lee, Ji-Won Jung, Joong Lee, Kyuhong Lee
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Sung-Hoon Yoon, Mi-Kyung Song, Dong Kim, Jeom-Kyu Lee, Ji-Won Jung, Joong Lee, Kyuhong Lee
Journal of Hazardous Materials
87.
Elektrische Zigaretten – Stand der Forschung aus gefäßmedizinischer Sicht
Sönke Braß, Markus Wagenhäuser, Florian Simon, Hubert Schelzig, Joscha Mulorz
Gefässchirurgie
Sönke Braß, Markus Wagenhäuser, Florian Simon, Hubert Schelzig, Joscha Mulorz
Gefässchirurgie
88.
The relationship between the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and effects on pulmonary immune responses—a literature review
Seok Han, Fenna Sillé, Jana Mihalic, Ana Rule
Environmental Research
Seok Han, Fenna Sillé, Jana Mihalic, Ana Rule
Environmental Research
89.
Impact of e-cigarette vaping aerosol exposure in pregnancy on mTOR signaling in rat fetal hippocampus
Jehoon Lee, Marcus Orzabal, Vishal Naik, Jayanth Ramadoss
Frontiers in Neuroscience
Jehoon Lee, Marcus Orzabal, Vishal Naik, Jayanth Ramadoss
Frontiers in Neuroscience
90.
Quantitation and Stability of Nicotine in Canadian Vaping Liquids
Ivana Kosarac, Guru Katuri, Cariton Kubwabo, Shabana Siddique, Trevor Mischki
Toxics
Ivana Kosarac, Guru Katuri, Cariton Kubwabo, Shabana Siddique, Trevor Mischki
Toxics
91.
Comprehensive characterization of volatile and semi-volatile compounds in e-liquids for electronic cigarette using gas chromatography accurate mass spectrometry
M. Golpe, M. Ramil, I. Rodríguez
Journal of Chromatography A
M. Golpe, M. Ramil, I. Rodríguez
Journal of Chromatography A
92.
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) aerosol constituent deposition and nicotine retention in the human oral cavity
Bahman Asgharian, Owen Price, Amy Creel, Gladys Erives, Jonathan Fallica, Cissy Li, Nashaat Rasheed, Scott Wasdo, Raymond Yeager, Susan Chemerynski, Jeffry Schroeter
Journal of Aerosol Science
Bahman Asgharian, Owen Price, Amy Creel, Gladys Erives, Jonathan Fallica, Cissy Li, Nashaat Rasheed, Scott Wasdo, Raymond Yeager, Susan Chemerynski, Jeffry Schroeter
Journal of Aerosol Science
93.
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): A convenient means of smoking?
Mariaelvina SALA, Cecilia GOTTI
Pharmacological Research
Mariaelvina SALA, Cecilia GOTTI
Pharmacological Research
94.
Beyond the label: current evidence and future directions for the interrelationship between electronic cigarettes and mental health
Malia Bautista, Allison Mogul, Christie Fowler
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Malia Bautista, Allison Mogul, Christie Fowler
Frontiers in Psychiatry
97.
Chemical sensors for imaging total cellular aliphatic aldehydes in live cells
Rachel Wills, Jonathan Farhi, Patrick Czabala, Sophia Shahin, Spangle M., Monika Raj
Chemical Science
Rachel Wills, Jonathan Farhi, Patrick Czabala, Sophia Shahin, Spangle M., Monika Raj
Chemical Science
98.
Chromatography and Spectroscopy Methods for the Analysis of Nicotine and Other Chemical Ingredients in E-Liquid Formulation: A Review
Mohd Rashidi Abdull Manap, Noor Hazfalinda Hamzah, Qhurratul Aina Kholili, Fatin Abu Hasan, Azhana Alhumaira
Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology
Mohd Rashidi Abdull Manap, Noor Hazfalinda Hamzah, Qhurratul Aina Kholili, Fatin Abu Hasan, Azhana Alhumaira
Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology
99.
Safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes in those with atherosclerotic disease: a review
Conor James McCaughey, Greg Murphy, Jennifer Jones, Kaumal Baig Mirza, Mark Hensey
Open Heart
Conor James McCaughey, Greg Murphy, Jennifer Jones, Kaumal Baig Mirza, Mark Hensey
Open Heart
100.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Developmental and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes
Eman Hussen, Nada Aakel, Abdullah A. Shaito, Maha Al-Asmakh, Haissam Abou-Saleh, Zain Z. Zakaria
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Eman Hussen, Nada Aakel, Abdullah A. Shaito, Maha Al-Asmakh, Haissam Abou-Saleh, Zain Z. Zakaria
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